Disclosed herein are joint replica models that are designed to enable
simulated use testing by medical device companies, medical device
designers, individual inventors, or any other entity interested in the
performance of medical devices. These models are unique in possessing a
level of complexity that allows them to be substituted for either a live
animal, an animal cadaver, or a human cadaver in the testing of these
devices. These models are further characterized by a similarity of
geometry, individual component physical properties, and
component-to-component interfacial properties with the appropriate target
tissue and anatomy.