An electrical method and apparatus for stimulating cardiac cells causing
contraction to force hemodynamic output during fibrillation,
hemodynamically compromising tachycardia, or asystole. Forcing fields are
applied to the heart to give cardiac output on an emergency basis until
the arrhythmia ceases or other intervention takes place. The device is
used as a stand alone external or internal device, or as a backup to an
ICD, atrial defibrillator, or an anti-tachycardia pacemaker. The method
and apparatus maintain some cardiac output and not necessarily
defibrillation.