Systems and methods are disclosed for performing PMD tests on a fiber span that is in service. For a fiber span transporting data signals in data channels of a data bandwidth, the following methods may be used for PMD tests. For a first method, a light system transmits test signals over test channels outside of the data bandwidth onto the fiber span. The test channels may have wavelengths longer or shorter than the data channels. The PMD measurement system receives the test signals and measures PMD on the fiber span. For a second method, a light system transmits test signals over available channels in the data bandwidth onto the fiber span. The data bandwidth may not be fully utilized for transporting data, so there are data channels available for PMD testing. The PMD measurement system receives the test signals and measures PMD on the fiber span.