The present invention advantageously provides for, in different
embodiments, low-cost deposition techniques to form high-quality, dense,
well-adhering Group IBIIIAVIA compound thin films with macro-scale as
well as micro-scale compositional uniformities. It also provides methods
to monolithically integrate solar cells made on such compound thin films
to form modules. In one embodiment, there is provided a method of growing
a Group IBIIIAVIA semiconductor layer on a base, and includes the steps
of depositing on the base a nucleation and/or a seed layer and
electroplating over the nucleation and/or the seed layer a precursor film
comprising a Group IB material and at least one Group IIIA material, and
reacting the electroplated precursor film with a Group VIA material.
Other embodiments are also described.