Described herein are the results of comprehensive genetic expression and
other molecular analysis of the effect of antioxidants on biological
systems, including specifically different human cells. Based on these
analyses, methods and compositions are described for modifying or
influencing the lifespan of cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. In
various embodiments, there are provided methods for modulating the
activity of the gene maintenance process in order to influence the length
and/or structural integrity of the telomere in living cells, as well as
methods for modulating the rate/efficiency of the cellular respiration
provided by the mitochondria, mitochondrial biogenesis, and maintenance
of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Exemplary lifespan altering
compounds include natural and synthetic antioxidants, such as plant
antioxidant and polyphenol compounds derived from coffee cherry, tea,
berry, and so forth, including but not limited to caffeic acid,
chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, quinic acid, proanthocyanidins,
ubiquinone, idebenone, or a synthetic form or derivatives thereof.