A light-emitting element has a light-emitting layer and at lease one light-extracting
portion. At least a partial part of the light-extracting portion is formed into
a concave or convex surface for enhancing the efficiency of extracting light. Another
light-emitting element has a light-emitting layer and a concave or convex surface
for reflecting light emitted from the light-emitting layer toward one or more other
surfaces of the light-emitting element through an inside of the light-emitting element.