An optical fiber includes a radial axis, a longitudinal axis, a first window surface adapted for receiving pump radiation and transmitting the pump radiation into the optical fiber, a second surface adapted for totally internally reflecting pump radiation received within the optical fiber, and an active region within the optical fiber for generating radiation at a characteristic wavelength when pumped with pump radiation. A normal direction of the first window surface is not parallel to a direction of the radial axis at the first window surface.

 
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> Deployment of electro-optic amplitude varying elements (AVEs) and electro-optic multi-functional elements (MFEs) in photonic integrated circuits (PICs)

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