Contaminants such as photoresist are quickly removed from a wafer having
metal features, using water, ozone and a base such as ammonium hydroxide.
Processing is performed at room temperature to avoid metal corrosion.
Ozone is delivered into a stream of process liquid or into the process
environment or chamber. Steam may alternatively be used. A layer of
liquid or vapor forms on the wafer surface. The ozone moves through the
liquid layer via diffusion, entrainment, jetting/spraying or bulk
transfer, and chemically reacts with the photoresist, to remove it.