A polarization mode dispersion compensation apparatus using a photonic crystal structure includes an optical signal splitter for splitting and outputting incident optical signals into optical signals of a first and second polarization state; an optical signal combiner for combining and outputting the optical signals of the first and second polarization states; an optical signal guide having a photonic crystal structure having a first waveguide and a longer and variable second waveguide; a signal tab for externally outputting a portion of the optical signals and for outputting a portion of the optical signals to a feedback unit; a feedback unit for measuring a dispersion degree of the first and second polarization states inputted from the signal tab, and for outputting a feedback signal for removing the polarization mode dispersion; and an effective optical path length variation unit for varying an effective optical path length of the second waveguide.