According to one aspect of the invention a robust anode structure and
methods of making and using said structure to produce ionizing radiation
are disclosed. An ionizing radiation producing layer is bonded to the
target side of a highly conductive diamond substrate, by a metal carbide
layer. The metal carbide layers improves the strength and durability of
the bond, thus improving heat removal from the anode surface and reducing
the risk of delaminating the ionizing radiation producing layer, thus
reducing degradation and extending the anode's life. A smoothing dopant
is alloyed into the radiation producing layer to facilitate keeping the
layer surface smooth, thus improving the quality of the x-ray beam
emitted from the anode. In an embodiment, the heat sink comprises a metal
carbide skeleton cemented diamond material. In another embodiment, the
heat sink is bonded to the diamond substrate structure in a high
temperature reactive brazing process.