CrtW carotenoid ketolases are provided useful for the production of
astaxanthin. The ketolases genes of the present invention exhibit
improved ketolase activity when converting cyclic hydroxylated carotenoid
intermediates into astaxanthin. Recombinant expression of the present
carotenoid ketolases in host cell producing cyclic hydroxylated
carotenoid intermediates enabled increased production of astaxanthin.