A power factor corrected (pfc) ac-dc converter has a modified boost input
and a modified buck output. Unlike the prior art boost input, the boost
switch returns to the output, not to ground. Unlike the prior art buck
output stage, a third switch connects to the input. This allows much of
the input current to pass through the converter to the output. There is
no input current measurement, but nearly ideal power factor correction is
achieved through "natural modulation." A preferred pfc ac-dc converter
uses a variable dc-dc transformer on its output, as a post regulator, to
provide dielectric isolation and to provide voltage level shifting. The
output of the pfc ac-dc converter has the control characteristics of a
buck converter, so it is a natural mate for the variable dc-dc
transformer. An ac-dc buck converter is most efficient at its maximum
duty cycle. It cannot regulate for a lower input voltage, but it can
reduce its duty-cycle to control for higher input voltages. A variable
dc-dc transformer is most efficient at its maximum ratio. It cannot
regulate for a higher input voltage, but it can reduce its effective
turns ratio to control for a lower input voltage. With a small overlap in
their control ranges, both parts of the power system can operate at
maximum efficiency. The variable dc-dc transformer controls the output
voltage for nominal and low input voltage. The ac-dc buck converter
limits over-voltage transients.