The present invention provides methods and systems for identifying, evaluating, and testing various compounds as memory agents and regimens as training protocols related to memory enhancement and/or impairment. Such methods and systems may test any compounds or protocols, including the memory agents and training protocols described herein. The methods can comprise combining training protocols with the general administration of memory agents. In some embodiments, the present invention may involve identifying, selecting, testing, evaluating or assessing a compound as a drug candidate for a memory agent, for example, as one effective for enhancing or impairing memory.