An optical modulator is provided. The optical modulator includes a
ridge-shaped active region comprising a plurality of alternating high and
low index layers. The ridge-shaped active region is used to confine a
selective optical mode for optical modulation. A plurality of oxidized
layers positioned so as to confine the selective optical mode in the
middle region of the ridge-shaped active region. The oxidized layers
enable the optical modulator to withstand high operating voltages both in
reverse and forward bias without concern of breakdown or carrier loss.