A programmable metallization cell (PMC) that includes an active electrode;
a nanoporous layer disposed on the active electrode, the nanoporous layer
comprising a plurality of nanopores and a dielectric material; and an
inert electrode disposed on the nanoporous layer. Other embodiments
include forming the active electrode from silver iodide, copper iodide,
silver sulfide, copper sulfide, silver selenide, or copper selenide and
applying a positive bias to the active electrode that causes silver or
copper to migrate into the nanopores. Methods of formation are also
disclosed.